Women Empowerment Through Entrepreneurship free essay sample

It is seen that ladies business visionary systems are significant wellsprings of information about women’s enterprise and they are progressively perceived as an important apparatus for its turn of events and advancement. Of the 1. 3 billion individuals who live in total destitution around the world, 70 percent are ladies  work 66% of the world’s working hours; Women acquire just 10 percent of the world’s salary. Ladies own under 1 percent of the world’s property. .Prologue to Entrepreneurship was recently viewed as obscure nature of an individual and henceforth it was accepted that business visionaries are conceived and not made. However, late investigations have demonstrated that Entrepreneurial exercises can be arranged and created in a person through formation of chances, expanded Facilities, Allowing Incentives, Developing Competence and gathering affectability in a person for every one of those components Entrepreneurship is a social marvel and it isn't characteristic inside an individual, rather it exists in the communication between individuals. We will compose a custom article test on Ladies Empowerment Through Entrepreneurship or on the other hand any comparative point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page It mirrors a beam of trust in the jobless to acquire a living and keep up an honorable life and furthermore for the financial improvement of the nation. Our vision of developing as a superpower by 2020 will turn vitally on Entrepreneurial shoulders. Equivalent open door among people from the point of view of enterprise is as yet not a reality. Ladies are the equivalent recipients to the favorable circumstances offered by innovation, and the items and procedures, which are by result of the innovation use. In any case, it ought not be limited to world class gathering of society yet to stream to different portions of ladies in Indian culture. The investigation needed to think about foundation (social, affordable, instructive, and so on accessible to various sections of the ladies and social opportunity and openings in country and urban territories. The pertinence may welcome government mediation to stop advanced gap among ladies and furthermore to greater strengthening for ladies with Information and Communication Technology (ICT) use. 1 2. Strengthening for ladies with Information and Communication Technology (ICT)2 Women are the equiv alent recipients to the points of interest offered by innovation, and the items and procedures, which are by result of the innovation use. Be that as it may, it ought not be bound to first class gathering of society yet to stream to different fragments of ladies in Indian culture. The investigation needed to think about foundation (social, prudent, instructive, and so on) accessible to various portions of the ladies and social opportunity and openings in country and urban regions. The pertinence may welcome government mediation to stop advanced separation among ladies and furthermore to greater strengthening for ladies with ICT utilization. - 1. niccd. nic. in 2. Ladies Empowerment through Entrepreneurship in India Suman Agrawal a. The Need ICT For Women

When Do ACT Scores Come Out ACT Score Release Schedule

When Do ACT Scores Come Out ACT Score Release Schedule SAT/ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips You've taken the ACT and are currently hanging tight for your scores. This can be a strained time, yet realizing when precisely to expect your ACT results can assist you with preparing. When do ACT scores come out precisely? In this article, discover when your grades will open up, how to get your ACT resultsas quick as could be expected under the circumstances, and what to do once you have them. Will your ACT scores be sufficient? At the point when your scores come out, it's basic for you to comprehend whether your scores are adequate. The ACT score that is adequate for you is one of a kind to you, in light of your objectives. Download our free manual for making sense of your ACT target score. To what extent Does It Generally Take to Get ACT Scores? ACT results typically begin to come out online around 10 days after your test date. Since the ACT is constantly taken on a Saturday, your scores will as a rule come out on the second Tuesday after your test date. Once in a while, ACT scores may take longer than 10 days to come out.The official ACT site offers a scope of conceivable score discharge dates for each test. For the most part, the soonest conceivable discharge date is 10 days after the test date, and the most recent conceivable discharge date is six to seven weeks after the test date. On the off chance that you took theACT with Writing, your different decision scores will open up online around a similar time as everybody else's; however,your paper score will ordinarily take an extra fourteen days. As it were, your finished ACT scores will come out, at most punctual, somewhat more than three weeks after your test date. When Exactly Do ACT Scores Come Out? ACT score discharge dates will shift contingent upon your test date. We made the tables underneath for you to see when you can expect your ACT results to open up. 2019-20 ACT Score Release Schedule ACT, Inc. has affirmed itstesting plan for the 2019-20 testing year. This permits us to concoct estimatesfor future score discharge dates: ACT Test Date Numerous Choice Scores Release Complete Scores (w/Essay) Release Sept 14, 2019 Sept 24, 2019 Oct 8, 2019 Oct 26, 2019 Nov 5, 2019 Nov 19, 2019 Dec 14, 2019 Dec 24, 2019 Jan 7, 2020 Feb 8, 2020 Feb 18, 2020 Blemish 3, 2020 Apr 4, 2020 Apr 14, 2020 Apr 28, 2020 June 13, 2020 June 23, 2020 July 7, 2020 July 18, 2020 July 28, 2020 Aug 11, 2020 Have an inclination you'll have to take the ACT once more? Download our free manual for improving your ACT score by 4. Note that these are the most punctual potential dates for your ACT scores to come out. Numerous understudies have their scores deferred by a couple of days as ACT, Inc. gets all the scores together. Try not to be excessively frightened if your grades are postponed by a week or something like that. Past that point, however, it may be a smart thought to call ACT, Inc. also, get some information about the status of your test. ACT Writing scores as a rule come out around fourteen days after your different decision scores are discharged. ACT, Inc. works admirably of getting its scores out as ahead of schedule as conceivable as opposed to trusting that all understudies will be prepared before discharging them in a group. What Time Do ACT Scores Come Out? ACT scores are discharged in groups and are generally posted once per day at around 12 am Central Time (10 pm Pacific Time, 11 pm Mountain Time, and 1 am Eastern Time). On the off chance that your grades don't appear after this time on a specific day, you'll need to hold up an entire day and afterward look at on the off chance that they come the following day. This data will ideally help with your pressure and save you from enthusiastically checking for ACT scores for the duration of the day! When Are ACT Scores Available to Schools? In the wake of taking as long as seven days to process your score report demand, ACT, Inc. will bunch up your score report with others setting off to a similar school. Universities get ACT score reports in any event once at regular intervals, yet a few schools get them all the more every now and again. UVA has expressed that it gets score reports electronically at any rate once per day-yet gets scores considerably more oftentimes closer to application cutoff times. On the off chance that you put down a school as one to get one of your four free score reports, that school may even have the option to see your ACT scores before you candepending on how every now and again it gets scores from ACT, Inc. It’s likewise essential to take note of that ACT, Inc. won't convey your ACT scores until your entire test has been scored. So if you’ve taken the Writing area, your scores won’t go out until your Writing scores, as well, have been resolved. Deciding on a need report(instead of a standard score report) abbreviates the underlying preparing time to two working days after your solicitation and regularly gets your ACT scores to schools three to four business days after your solicitation has been handled. Note that ACT, Inc. can't convey a score report until your test has been scored. Except if you've gotten your ACT scores and have a school application cutoff time less than seven weeks away (or three weeks for the ACT without Writing), requesting need detailing isn't justified, despite any potential benefits. Note: If you took the ACT through State and District, School, or DANTES testing, your online scores will probably not become accessible until after you get your paper score report via the post office. How Do I Check My ACT Score? The quickest method to see your ACT scores is to go online to your ACT account. When you sign in, you'll see a rundown of the ACT test dates you have scores for: Next, click on View Scores for the test date for which you need to see your ACT scores. You'll be taken to a screen on which you need to reappear your secret word (for the wellbeing of security): When you enter your secret phrase once more, you'll be taken to a page with your ACT results. For an increasingly point by point clarification on the most proficient method to get your scores, look at ourstep-by-step control. For what reason Does It Take So Long to Get My ACT Score? It may appear as if evaluating shouldn't step through since a long time ago ACT examinations are scored naturally. In any case, recall that a huge number of understudies take the ACT on each test date.What's progressively, these things need to occur for every understudy stepping through the exam: Each test is delivered to the ACT, Inc. scoring central command. Each test is checked to ascertain araw score. Each test gets a scaled score from 1 to 36, contingent upon the bend for that test. Each ACT Writing exposition is assessed by two human graders. The entirety of this occurs on an across the nation scale, so plainly ACT, Inc. has a noteworthy coordinations challenge to manage! At the point when all's said and done, however, ACT, Inc. endeavors to get test scores out as quickly as time permits so understudies such as yourself can prepare for school. ACT Results: 2 Options for Next Steps When you recover your ACT scores, you have a few choices for what you can do straightaway. Choice 1: Retake the ACT In case you're not content with your scores, you should think about retaking the ACT. You can invigorate your memory on the most proficient method to pursue the ACT with this article. Regardless of whether you retake the ACT eventually comes down to two factors:what your objective score isand that you are so liable to improve your score.Your ACT target score is controlled by the normal ACT scores of the schools you need to get into. On the off chance that your ACT scores are a ton lower than your objective score is, it may merit retaking the test. It’s insufficient, in any case, to take a gander at your ACT results and state, Well, I didn’t do just as I needed, so I’d better take it once more. As we talk about in our article on ACT score diminishes, there’s around a 50-50 possibility that in the event that you retake the ACT, you’ll score the equivalent or lower than you did before.And the chances of a score decline are significantly higher on the off chance that you don’t put in much contemplating energy. To improve your composite ACT score by 1 to 4points, you’ll need to place in around40hours of keen prep. Expanding your score by more than this requires much additional time and vitality. This doesn’t mean simply savage driving it by doing the same number of training tests and tests as you can get your hands on; rather, you'll need to utilize a framework that centers for the most part around your shortcomings and causes you improve them. Remember that in case you're applying to a school that requires all ACT scores be sent, you'll likely need to send this present grade's too except if you erase it from your record. The primary concern: in case you're ready to invest the effort and vitality to improve your score, at that point it merits retaking the ACT. Something else, it's only a misuse of cash and a Saturday morning! Choice 2: Send Your ACT Scores to Colleges On the off chance that you're totally happy with how you did on the test, at that point your subsequent stage is to send your scores to all the schools you're applying to. We've likewise got a total rundown of school and school codesyou can use to send your ACT scores. What's Next? Realize you need to retake the ACT yet not certain when to do it? Look at all up and coming ACT test datesto discover when you can step through the examination next. For tips on the best time for you, read our article on the best ACT test dates. What ACT score do you have to find into college?Get the solution to this inquiry by perusing our aides towhat the normal ACT score for school isand the base score you'll have to get in. When's the last date you can take the ACT and still have your scores get to schools in time? Discover with these articles about the last ACT dates forearly affirmations cutoff times and standard confirmations cutoff times. Likewise, look at our free guide on the 5 most significant techniques you have to know to improve your ACT score by 4+ focuses.

Septic Shock Essay Example

Septic Shock Essay Example Septic Shock Paper Septic Shock Paper In this article septic stun and Its confusions will be broke down riches the Immunological, gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, respiratory and renal (Including the corrosive base) frameworks. This article will contain the general conversation of homeostasis and will consider the homeostasis reactions to septic stun In every framework. Sepsis and Septic Shock sepsis might be characterized as the state where an individual Is experiencing an Infection that causes various significant physiological changes: in particular high fever and heartbeat, raised respiratory rate, and raised white platelet tally. Sepsis happens when the body mounts an enormous resistant reaction to a contamination. Normally the disease is brought about by a microscopic organisms that radiates a poison which causes the insusceptible reaction. The issue is that similar synthetic compounds that the body uses to battle the poison additionally cause negative impacts on the circulatory framework, in the long run prompting bringing down of pulse and hypertension of the indispensable organs. This is outlined well in our model with Mrs.. Little who shows the trademark increment in heartbeat and fall in circulatory strain. This is causing hypertension of key organs, for example, the downpour and lungs, which is bringing about a portion of the indications of early septic stun, for example, brevity of breath and disarray. Septic stun is said to exist when the patient can't keep up circulatory strain notwithstanding all revival endeavors and the hypertension is causing end organ harm. Unchecked, septic stun can cause various issues including numerous organ disappointment and respiratory disappointment (Health A-Z). In reality, Mrs.. Little is in grave peril. Actually, septic stun is the most widely recognized reason for death in emergency clinic basic consideration units. In the United States septic stun means 100,000 passings for every year (Traitor Grosbeaks). Incidentally, medical clinic treatment itself may regularly be the reason for septic stun, as It is frequently observed In seriously Ill patients with smothered insusceptible frameworks (for instance malignant growth patients on chemotherapy) who contract an Infection while experiencing treatment. Homeostasis: The human body interior condition Is made out of cells, tissues, organs and different frameworks (Martini). Outer environmental factors constantly influence the body Internal condition and the human body must utilize homeostasis control systems to malting a steady domain. Most of Illnesses which influence homeostasis are gentle and transitory, (for example, a mellow or moderate fever anyway on occasion, when genuine changes in the body happen, the adjustment of homeostasis may get Intense and delayed and in certain cases may even come up short and result in death. So as to forestall tons Trot unappealing positive Ana negative Teacake frameworks permit ten DOD condition to be over and again checked, assessed and changed (Traitor Grosbeaks). Criticism frameworks incorporate three fundamental parts; a receptor, a control community, and an effecter. Receptors are a significant part in criticism frameworks since they screen changes inside controlled conditions (pulse, internal heat level, blood glucose level, and so on ). Any interruption in a controlled framework (upgrade) at that point imparts nerve driving forces or concoction signs to the control community. At the control place the body perceives the set qualities that the controlled conditions ought to be at and that handled data is then sent to the effecter in methods for nerve driving forces, hormones or other synthetic signs. The effecter at that point reacts to the data sent from the control framework and any progressions that should be made to the controlled condition happen. At the point when data is gotten by the control place it can send a yield to the effecter in one of two different ways. It can either contradict the adjustment in the controlled condition which shows a negative input circle or it can fortify the change which happens in a positive criticism circle (Traitor Grosbeaks). Negative criticism frameworks are engaged with most of homeostasis control circles since they balance out and invert an adjustment in a controlled condition which is typically what the body needs to accomplish in homeostasis (Patten). At the point when a receptor recognizes an adjustment in a controlled condition it sends a contribution to the control place. In a negative input framework the control community will perceive the difficult that has happened and will change the controlled condition back to its normal state. A few instances of negative criticism frameworks incorporate pulse and internal heat level. The negative input framework will manage circulatory strain and internal heat level back to its typical express that it ought to be inside the body. Anyway in positive input the result is the inverse. Albeit both input frameworks work similarly positive criticism frameworks fortify and strengthen the issue rather then restrict he change (Traitor Grosbeaks). Positive criticisms are not as basic in the body yet they despite everything assume a significant job. Not at all like negative criticism frameworks that take the body back to its typical state, positive input frameworks send yield from the control community to the effecter that will upgrade the adjustment in the body. The activity of the positive input framework will proceed until it is hindered by some component outside the framework. Positive criticisms become significant in circumstances like labor and blood coagulating. In blood coagulating platelets are implemented to quickly remain together. In spite of the fact that this is generally unusual, it is significant this happens with the goal that blood can cluster and genuine draining is maintained a strategic distance from. Another case of a positive input component is labor, where levels of the hormone termination are expanded by the mind in light of incitement of the womans cervix by the child. Termination makes the smooth muscles of the uterus contract all the more powerfully, further animating the cervix, making more oxidation be discharged, etc until the child is conveyed In request to endure, each living creature must look after homeostasis (Martini). To manage changes that may happen to the body (Martini). At the point when issues, for example, septic stun happen, legitimate homeostasis is essential to endurance. Notwithstanding, in septic stun microbes and poisons can bigly affect the human body and if homeostasis can not be kept up and the issue isn't gotten early enough homeostasis can turn out to be truly changed, and passing can follow. Resistant System: Malignantly prompt requires ten associated endeavors AT numerous Day components and frameworks. One such framework is the insusceptible framework, which is intended to avert a large number of troublesome pathogens that may attack our bodies, for example, microscopic organisms, infection and parasites. The safe framework works intimately with the lymphatic framework in the body battle against contamination. The lymphatic framework is answerable for three significant essential capacities; shipping dietary liquid, depleting abundance interstitial liquid, and doing safe reactions (Traitor Grosbeaks, 2003). The lymphatic framework is a system of lymphatic vessels shipping liquid called lymph and furthermore contains numerous structures and organs containing lymphatic tissue. Lymphatic vessels transport lipids and lipid-solvent nutrients (A,D,E and K) to the blood that are consumed by the gastrointestinal tract (Traitor Grosbeaks, 2003). The lymphatic vessels inside this framework additionally channel abundance interstitial liquid from tissue spaces and afterward return it to the blood. The lymphatic vessels are exceptional on the grounds that they license interstitial liquid to stream into the slender however not out. The Interstitial liquid enters the vessels when the weight of the interstitial liquid is more prominent then in the lymph. At the point when this happens the cells marginally isolated permitting the interstitial liquid to go into the lymphatic slender. Be that as it may, if the weight is high in the lymphatic vessels the cells follow all the more intently and the lymph can't escape once more into the interstitial top. For the situation where there is overabundance lymphatic liquid cells open all the more generally so it can stream into the lymphatic slim. This over-burden of liquid will bring about tissue growing (Traitor Grosbeaks, 2003). The third primary capacity of the resistant framework is to do safe reactions. The blood flowing in our body contains three classes of lymphocytes including T cells, B cells, and common executioner cells. White blood cells obliterate remote cells legitimately and animate or hinder the exercises of different lymphocytes. B cells separate into plasma cells and emit antibodies that turn us from sickness by assaulting remote cells and normal executioner cells assault a wide assortment of irresistible microorganisms (Martini). Similarly as these phones crush outside cells, two principle phagocytes called interference and macrophages ingest microscopic organisms and discard dead issue through a procedure called phagocytes. Phagocytes is the procedure where outside operators are ingested and demolished (Traitor Grosbeaks, 2003). A sufficient invulnerable framework immediately enrolls interference, macrophages, lymphocytes, and antibodies to the site of disease to forestall have colonization. Through histograms these cells kill and take out organisms and their poisons. Be that as it may, if these host guards are overwhelmed by pathogens septic stun may follow (Cancer nursing). As the procedure of septic stun propels, it turns out to be progressively hard for the body to look after homeostasis. The safe framework becomes overpowered as it wildly endeavors to forestall the spread of disease and poison to different tissues. Also, the bacterial poisons hamper the body resistant framework reaction. We find in our model how Mrs.. Tiniest blood work shows a raised white platelet check, with expanded interference. This is characteristic off noteworthy bacterial contamination and ensuing fiery and safe reaction (Traitor and Grosbeaks, 2003). Mrs.. Little is showing fundamental aggravation as her body is attempting to reestablish homeostasis by discarding poisons and remote material

Ethics Essay Topics - How to Write Ethical Issues Essays

Ethics Essay Topics - How to Write Ethical Issues EssaysThere are many ethical issues essays that students should consider for their college essays. Here are some questions they should ask themselves before writing.How can an institution fund their endow public or the student body without ending up in the red? So the first question that has to be asked is how do you fund it? If this is going to be a service that every student receives then there must be some way to collect that fee or tuition and pay for what it would cost to produce the service. Students should be able to see that it will take money to start the education and will eventually generate revenue.One idea that many students use is charter schools, although I think there are several issues with this idea. They have their benefits, but if that is what you would like to see the endowment fund then this might not be the best way to go. You must consider the student population when making this decision. If you have to limit t he number of students in this program because you only want certain types of students in this program, you will end up with a very small endowment.The next question to ask is how is the endowment funded? You need to make sure that the endowment is actually for the school funds and not one particular type of student. If this is all for the endowment fund then why can't they only fund the tuition for the students? This leaves out all the other programs that could be considered such as minority scholarships and black fund, etc.The final question that students need to ask is where is the school funds generated from? Again, you have to make sure that it is not going to end up being a one time transaction. It must come from the students in the endowment fund.Just because you know the whole question does not mean that you know how it will be used or whether it will be a good investment. In order to make the decision on whether or not to use these types of funds you need to first make sure that you know all the sides to the story. There are many possibilities with these types of funds, but the important thing is to look at both sides of the situation and weigh them carefully.By looking at ethics essay topics at this point you will hopefully be able to put all of your information together and have an idea of where you should go with this idea. Consider it as you go through all of your ideas and decide which of the options will best fit your needs.

Physics in Cameras - 713 Words

Cameras have been a popular device ever since they were invented during the late 1800’s. Cameras are electronics that give us the ability to capture a moment with the push of a button. These little machines allow a real life image to be seen on paper and to be kept as a memento. The way that cameras are able to do this is through physics. Cameras are relatable to physics because they involve visible light, light refraction, light reflections, and electromagnetic fields in the motor. Cameras are involved with physics because they use visible light to capture a picture. Visible light is part of the electromagnetic spectrum. The electromagnetic spectrum contains different wavelengths and frequencies. The visible light spectrum is the part of the electromagnetic spectrum that humans can see. Specific wavelengths in the spectrum are represented by specific colors. This is how humans are able to perceive colors, through visible light. When a camera captures an image, it uses visible light to capture the different wavelengths. These wavelengths are seen as different colors which come together to create the image. Visible light is what allows the colors that create the image to be seen when the picture is captured. Cameras are also involved with physics because they use light refraction to focus the image. Light refraction is the change in the speed of light when it enters a medium of a different speed. For example, lenses on a camera are mediums that refract light. The light waveShow MoreRelatedThe Physics of Tennis Essay561 Words   |  3 PagesThe Physics of Tennis I. Introduction Background: A friendly game of tennis is being played. Camera: pans away from the game and zooms to Sunne. Sunne: Hello, my name is Sunne. Today, my group, which consists of Ravi, Gramh, Whitney and myself, will portray how physics plays an essential role in one specific aspect of tennis. This aspect is the tennis racquet itself, which can only be mastered when the physics of it is completely understood. In this videoRead MoreComputed Tomography and Radionuclide Imaging Essay993 Words   |  4 Pagesis going to be on the similarities and differences of the physics imaging methods and also a small awareness of biological effects and radiation protection. As a starting point in CT diagnostic imaging the form of radiation used to provide an image are x-rays photons , this can also be called an external radiation dose which detect a pathological condition of an organ or tissue and therefore it is more organ specific. However the physics process can be described as the radiation passes through theRead MoreEssay on Physics in Everyday Life1684 Words   |  7 PagesPhysics in Everyday Life 1 Just about everything you do from moving to eating to listening to music involves physics. 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The Internet Its Effects and Its Future - 6120 Words

Internet, its effects in our lives and the future of the Internet: The Internet is, quite literally, a network of networks. It is comprised of ten thousands of interconnected networks spanning the globe. The computers that form the Internet range from huge mainframes in research establishments to modest PCs in people ¡Ã‚ ¦s homes and offices. Despite the recent hype, the Internet is not a new phenomenon. Its roots lie in a collection of computers that were linked together in the 1970s to form the US Department of Defense ¡Ã‚ ¦s communications systems. Fearing the consequences of nuclear attack, there was no central computer holding vast amounts of data, rather the information was dispersed across thousands of machines. A set of rules, of†¦show more content†¦People of like minds and interests can share information with one another through electronic mail and chat rooms. E-mail is enabling radically new forms of worldwide human collaboration. Approximately 225 millions of people can send and receive it and they all represent a network of potentially cooperating individuals dwarfing anything that even the mightiest corporation or government can muster. Mailing-list discussion groups and online conferencing allow us to gather together to work on a multitude of projects that are interesting or helpful to us. Chat rooms and mailing lists can connect groups of users to discuss a topic and share ideas. Materials from users can be added to a Web site to share with others and can be updated quickly and easily anytime. However, the most exciting part of the Internet is its multimedia and hypertext capabilities. The Web provides information in many different formats. Of course, text is still a popular way to transmit information, but the Web also presents information in sound bites, such as music, voice, or special effects. Graphics may be still photographs, drawings, cartoons, diagrams, tables, or other artwork, but they also may be moving, such as animation video. Hypertext links allows users to move from one piece of information to another. A link might be an underlined word or phrase, an icon or a symbol, or a picture, for example. WhenShow MoreRelatedEffects of The Internet On Teenagers Essays783 Words   |  4 Pageshomework. Internet is one of the most recent changes in the last two decays. Not surprisingly, this new phenomenon is perhaps one of the greatest inventions of the last century, but unfortunately this occurrence has made some negative impact on our society and children. Teenagers are the most common group of society who can get artificial by the internet. 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Belonging Essay Example For Students

Belonging Essay Several of the poems in the anthology convey a sense of alienation; however An Unknown Girl by Moniza Alvi and Into Your Mind by Carol Ann Duffy are for me particularly clear in the way they describe such a feeling of not belonging. In An Unknown Girl, the poet expresses how her culture roots of India are reawakened while an unknown girl is deftly hennaing her hand. In In Your Mind, the poet transports us from the boring England, whose language is muffled by the rain in autumn, to the exciting and wonderful other country. In this essay, I will describe how the use of language, poets attitude, structure and form of the poems help the poets to articulate such a powerful feeling of alienation. Upon investigating the poems, we can see that both uses language in various ways to express their wistful sense of not belonging. In An Unknown Girl, Alvi starts off by constructing a crowded and lively image of India with the evening bazaar studded with neon. She is part of such a delightful picture, but the existence of a local unknown girl in the following line immediately creates a gap between the poet and the country she truly belongs to. Therefore Alvi uses repetition of the pattern of In the evening an unknown girl is hennaing my hand throughout the poem for three times throughout the poem to emphasise her search of identity and sense of belonging, while hinting that she is also unknown to the country. She seems to know none. She seems not to be part of India. She is alienated. However, we can see that she is really engaged to the country, using sensory language to create an energetic India, for examples , the satin-peach knee of the girl, the colourfully floating balloons, the curtain cloth and sofa cloth. These are all very colourful images and feelings of India that canopy her, which shows the naturally intimate and inevitable relationship between India and herself. Alvi also frequently uses enjambment in the poem, separating lines to add suspense, strengthen her fast pace of thoughts, excitement of India and her longing of a sense of belonging. She uses a beautiful metaphor of new brown veins, which represent both the peacock tattoo and the assimilated culture of India deep into her roots. To Alvi, the tattoo is a symbol of India, when she states, when India appears and reappears which shows her longing of belonging to India. In the same manner, the use of language in In Your Mind is also very efficient and exquisite. It can be argued that the you in the poem can be applied to anyone who is desperate for a bit of refreshment in order to escape from the boring reality. The use of second person makes readers more involved in the adventure of the persona. At the beginning, Duffy uses a rhetorical question, is it anticipated or half-remembered? to bring you immediately into the situation of the poem, with the English rain falling all afternoon. The power of imagination in your mind is so fast that although in line 4 you are working, in line 6 you are already on the plane. With the help of present tense, enjambment and an abrupt full stop, Duffy creates an image as though within a second you are already sitting firmly in the plane. The use of simile when the past fades like newsprint in the sun quickly transport you into the imagination of the other country. Here, newsprint is of course a symbol of England. However, you are then established to be familiar to it, because their faces are photographs in the memory. A dream-like, enjoyable and relaxing imagery is beautifully constructed when a moon like an orange peel itself into the sea, spreading, floating, dissolving in all directions. Duffy also uses lots of monosyllabic words and short lines to describe the other country, particularly in the third verse: Seagulls. Bells. A flute These short but simple descriptions immediately appeal to our senses, creating a feeling of you are there. Nevertheless Duffy uses such a method to transport us back to the reality too, as we can see: A newspaper. English rain. This brings to an abrupt stop, as though all are only dreams. .ue79f2074b66761bd81e273cdc8a86286 , .ue79f2074b66761bd81e273cdc8a86286 .postImageUrl , .ue79f2074b66761bd81e273cdc8a86286 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue79f2074b66761bd81e273cdc8a86286 , .ue79f2074b66761bd81e273cdc8a86286:hover , .ue79f2074b66761bd81e273cdc8a86286:visited , .ue79f2074b66761bd81e273cdc8a86286:active { border:0!important; } .ue79f2074b66761bd81e273cdc8a86286 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue79f2074b66761bd81e273cdc8a86286 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue79f2074b66761bd81e273cdc8a86286:active , .ue79f2074b66761bd81e273cdc8a86286:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue79f2074b66761bd81e273cdc8a86286 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue79f2074b66761bd81e273cdc8a86286 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue79f2074b66761bd81e273cdc8a86286 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue79f2074b66761bd81e273cdc8a86286 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue79f2074b66761bd81e273cdc8a86286:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue79f2074b66761bd81e273cdc8a86286 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue79f2074b66761bd81e273cdc8a86286 .ue79f2074b66761bd81e273cdc8a86286-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue79f2074b66761bd81e273cdc8a86286:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Heroes in Homer's Poetry EssayAlthough the two poems I have chosen both explore feelings of alienation, the poets attitude and the context of alienation are very distinguished. With respect to An Unknown Girl, Alvi feels alienated because her inborn veins of India are intimately connected with her soul. As we can see, she cannot stop clinging to these firm peacock lines-the experience in the bazaar, being hennaed, is so profoundly deep, unforgettable and memorable. However, Alvi figures out that having not been living in her home country, she feels strange, unknown and alienated. She knows that the cultural roots and bonds brought by the veins will fade in a week. We feels very sorry about her because she understands the transience of her sense of belonging, and therefore she knows that she can only be wistfully longing for the unknown girl, and the unfamiliar India with her hands outstretched to find back the feeling of the hennaing experience, alone. Throughout the poem, Alvi has changed her tone: from the sense of wonder and delight when she notices the furious streets full of energy and excitement, to a sense of doubt and gentleness when she decides to scrape off the dry brown lines, and finally a sense of longing and loss when she discovers that her cultural roots can only be remembered by longing for the unknown girl. The type of alienation in Alvis poem is as though however intimate the relation is, the cultural struggle of not living there in your childhood or throughout your life will simply create an invisible wall between you and the home country, which is very sad and unavoidable. On the contrary, the attitude of Duffys poem is one of powerful desire to escape to the other country in an exciting way in your mind. The poet is possibly dissatisfied with the boring and dull English rain and the work in England, so she creates a persona you who wants to escape to his/her relaxing and sunny paradise of imagination. Although Duffy states that you know people there, an old painting and the old hotel, it can be noticed that Duffy is leading us into a wonderful world of imagination, because these descriptions of the other country can arguably apply to anyone who is worldly and experienced. She is introducing us to a world of wonder, by writing YOU do this and YOU do that, for instances, You left You love the job and you are there. The use of second person makes everything seem imperative. Indeed, you are doing all sorts of things there, but it is only a mistaken imagination. You can neither belong to an imaginative world, nor you are happy to be in the mundane England. This is why we are left with a sense of alienation in the end of the poem: the exciting and hopeful imagination can only act as a consolation of boredom, because the cruel reality is inescapable. Lastly, the structures and forms of the poems artistically contribute to the meanings and feelings. In An Unknown Girl, the use of free verse allows Alvi to explore her flowing thoughts and wonders freely. The use of single verse reinforces the cultural association between India, her cultural roots, and the peacock, tattoo. The particularly long, thin visual layout of the poem shows a hennaed hand and strengthens the existence of India in Alvis mind. In contrast, the use of free verse and regular layout allows Duffy to create a freely flowing memory of place and imagination. The poetic structure creates a big sandwich of the reality as the tasteless bread at the beginning and in the end, and the imagination as the most delicious and wonderful part in the middle. Such symmetrical and dream-like qualities both give Duffy to strengthen the transience of happiness. .uac12018464f2b531b7e903a643b16473 , .uac12018464f2b531b7e903a643b16473 .postImageUrl , .uac12018464f2b531b7e903a643b16473 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uac12018464f2b531b7e903a643b16473 , .uac12018464f2b531b7e903a643b16473:hover , .uac12018464f2b531b7e903a643b16473:visited , .uac12018464f2b531b7e903a643b16473:active { border:0!important; } .uac12018464f2b531b7e903a643b16473 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uac12018464f2b531b7e903a643b16473 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uac12018464f2b531b7e903a643b16473:active , .uac12018464f2b531b7e903a643b16473:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uac12018464f2b531b7e903a643b16473 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uac12018464f2b531b7e903a643b16473 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uac12018464f2b531b7e903a643b16473 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uac12018464f2b531b7e903a643b16473 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uac12018464f2b531b7e903a643b16473:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uac12018464f2b531b7e903a643b16473 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uac12018464f2b531b7e903a643b16473 .uac12018464f2b531b7e903a643b16473-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uac12018464f2b531b7e903a643b16473:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Go and catch a falling star EssayIn conclusion, An Unknown Girl shows that having an unfamiliar cultural roots is very difficult involving only wistful longing; while In Your Mind shows us the possibility of escaping from reality which will not last long notwithstanding. I think that An Unknown Girl is a more effective poem to show a sense of alienation, because it involves lots of internal struggles and the contrast between the energetic India and her not belonging soul makes us realise the sadness of something we cannot simply change.

RACISM TODAY Essays - Racism, Discrimination, Hatred, Covert Racism

RACISM TODAY "...Everybody jumped on him, beat the hell out of him... Everybody was hitting him or kicking him. One guy was kicking at his spine. Another guy hitting on the side of the face... He was unconscious. He was bleeding. Everybody had blood on their forearms. We ran back up the hill laughing... He should have died... He lost so much blood he turned white. He got what he deserved" (Ridgeway 167.) The skinheads who performed this random act of racial violence in 1990, had no reason to brutally beat their victim other than the fact that he was Mexican (Ridgeway 167). Racism is objectively defined as any practice of ethnic discrimination or segregation. Fortunately, racial violence is steadily declining as the turn of the century approaches. Now a new form of racism, covert racism, has recently sprung from the pressures of political correctness. This new form of racism, although slowly declining, still shows signs of strong support (Piazza 86). Covert racism assumes a form of civil disobedience against politically correct thought and speech. Essentially, covert racism is a "hidden" racism, or a racism not easily detected (Piazza 78). "Racism is still strongly prevalent in today's society" (Gudorf 3). The three different basic forms of racism, open racism, violent racism, and covert racism all express forms of hatred towards distinct ethnic groups (Bender 47). These basic forms of racism, although different in form, all have the same main purpose, to promote racism. Open racism expresses freedom of racial thought and speech. Open racists promote their views through strictly persuasionary tactics. This form of racism is allowed in our society because of the First Amendment. Open racism is currently almost nonexistent and steadily declining, because it is considered politically incorrect and socially unacceptable. Violent racism promotes racism through violence, fear, and persuasionary tactics (Leone 49) This form of racism is not protected by the First Amendment because it promotes violence to express its ideas. Unfortunately many violent racial groups claim they do not promote violence, and therefore these groups are protected by the First Amendment because not enough sufficient evidence exists to prove their violent intent (Ridgeway 123). Covert racism expresses ideas of racism in disguised forms; sometimes the covert racist is not even aware of the fact that he is racist. "Racism, it is asserted, is no longer blatant: people nowadays are reluctant to express openly their dislike of and contempt for minorities, indeed are not prepared to express publicly a sentiment that could be interpretted as racist. Racism, it is said, is subtle: it is disguised, kept out of sight" (Enrlich 73) "The suggestion that there is a new racism--a racism that has a new strength precisely because it doesn't appear to be racism--deserves serious consideration" (Piazza 66). Avoiding minorities on the street and denial of a public benefit to a minority which would be awarded to a white are examples of covert racism. "Since it is no longer politically correct to openly express one's racist views, people therefore favor disguised, indirect ways to express their bigotry" (Piazza 68). Covert racism is the most abundant form of racism in our society today. What causes racism? Unfortunately, the answer is much longer and detailed than the question. The three main causes for racism are: racism has become part of our heritage, right-wing racial and political groups, and pride in one's own race. Practically since the dawn of man's existence man has undoubtedly noticed differences between races. "Racism's presence throughout the formation of our culture is quite evident" (Tucker 17). Frequently throughout history the ethnic group with the most power has assumed that its race and culture are superior to others. The same incident even occurred in America with the introduction of slaves. Throughout American history, racism has been strongly prevalent. "Racism's roots lie deep within the foundation of our society" (Tucker 19). These roots undoubtedly are the source for a great many of the racist groups and covert racism ideas found throughout our society. Extremist social and political groups, particularly those advocating right-wing policies of racial inequality, promote racism as well. These groups serve as the epitome of racial thought and speech (Ridgeway 10). The following represent various racist groups found

Charlotte Perkins Gilman Essays - Beecher Family, Free Essays

Charlotte Perkins Gilman Essays - Beecher Family, Free Essays Charlotte Perkins Gilman Good 1 Charlotte Perkins Gilman experienced astonishing success during her life. When she died in 1935, she left behind a legacy of ingenious writing. Charlotte Perkins Gilman was one of the leading intellectuals of the American womens movement in the first two decades of the 20th century (Gilman, The Living of Charlotte Perkins Gilman). Her literary works explore the minds of remarkable and courageous women. Charlotte Perkins Gilman left an impression on society not only through her brilliant writings and social reforms, but also in her own perseverance in overcoming personal hardships. Charlotte was born into the prominent Beecher family (Gilman 3). In fact, the illustrious Harriet Beecher Stowe was a great-aunt (3). Charlotte grew up with pride in her family. She recalls When about fifteen years old I was told of our extremely remote connection with English royalty and I wrote eagerly to my learned father to inquire as to the facts- was I related to Queen Victoria? (1). However, her father solemnly replied, It is quite true that you are related to Queen Victoria, but there are a great many persons between you and the throne and I should not advise you to look forward to it (1). Despite her legendary family ties, Charlottes childhood was filled with pain, uncertainty, and rejection. Her father abandoned his family shortly after her birth (Lane 3). While a young woman, she suffered through a bad marriage that caused her to endure a nervous breakdown (3). It was during this time that Charlotte encountered her first bout with depression; there were many battles to follow (3). Thus, within the formative years of her young life, Charlotte suffered immeasurable pain and agony at the hands of males. This may possible be a motive behind her works based around strong female characters. Throughout her early life, it was apparent that Charlotte was an extremely strong-willed girl. At the age of sixteen or seventeen she perceived herself as having no character to be especially proud of: impressionable, vacillating, sensitive, uncontrolled, often loafing and lazy (Lane 57). However, she was determined to change herself into a disciplined, controlled person. Charlotte, an extremely intelligent child, was not able to consistently attend school until the age of thirteen. Living in poverty for most of her life, Charlotte was only able to attend school after the death of a great-aunt who left her an inheritance. Although her teachers were impressed with her aptitude, they soon became frustrated with her resistance to routines that restricted her imagination (59). Charlotte longed to be different. She was driven to defy conditional notions of what young girls should be. Dr. Studley, a teacher who instructed Charlotte in hygiene, became particularly influential (59). Charlott e instantly converted to a regime of cold baths, exercise, fresh air, and dress reform (59). She became caught up in the physical culture movement of the late nineteenth century. In a culture that valued frailty in women, Charlotte took delight and pleasure in her robust health and her strong body (59). Much of Charlottes late adolescence was spent nursing her ill mother. She describes her mother as being the disciplinarian and this caused problems between the two of them (Gilman 12). Charlotte complained that her mother was so rigorous in refusing all manner of invitations for me I was denied so often (Lane 60-61). Her mothers denials protected her from entering the adult world of men, relationships, and love. Charlotte soon, however, entered this world when she was married to Charles Walter Stetson (Gilman 82). In her autobiography, she discusses her mixed emotions regarding Mr. Stetson and marriage. She says, my mind was not fully clear as to whether I should marry. On the one hand I knew it was normal and right in general, and held that a woman should be able to have marriage and motherhood and do her work in the world (83). However, there were more cynical times when Charlotte expresses I felt strongly that for me it was not right, that the nature of the life before me forbade it, that I ought to forego the more intimate personal happiness for complete devotion to my work (83). Despite her doubts, the two were married in May of 1884.

Customer Service Techniques Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Customer Service Techniques - Essay Example Cancellations are also common whenever Mother Nature decides to strike. If you were not aware the airline has a strict policy that prohibits its employees from giving a customer a refund for any event or lodging expenses that the customers incurs in even if a delay or cancellation of flight occurs due to whether conditions. This policy was created to protect the company from claims such as yours which are out of the control of the organization. The mission of the company is to satisfy our customers in every possible way. Our denial of your claim does not mean we do not value your business as a customer. The damage you incurred in has nothing to do with the activities of the airline. We are very strict in our policy because the only responsibility of the airline is activity associated with the flight of its airplanes. The resources of our airline are used in an efficient manner to provide the best customer service in the industry. Since the company was not able to provide you with the flight services you needed we most certainly will provide you with either a refund of your money spend on the flight or give you a credit to be spend on a different flight for the future. The firm’s policy on refunds is more flexible than some our competition due to the fact we provide customers with cash refunds, while other companies only provide a flight credit. We hope that this resolution meets your expectation. It is unfortunate that you miss your event. Our company is truly sorry about the inconvenience you incurred in due to the cancellation of flight associated with the weather. Your secondary claim that the mechanical misfit made the cancellation of weather occurrence obsolete is not valid. The mechanical problem did cause a delay, but the cancellation occurred due to weather conditions. The flight had a one hour delay due to a mechanical problem. Airplanes are machines that sometimes break down mechanically just like automobiles due. The safety of the customers is the number one priority of the airline. The airline under no circumstance was going to endanger the lives of customers by putting an airplane in the air that had any type of mechanical failure. We are truly sorry that you had to wait while our mechanics fixed the plane. Having a flight on time is not as important to the firm as ensuring an airplane is free of mechanical errors whenever a problem occurs. The safety record of our company is flawless. We understand that waiting for a mechanical error to be fixed is a hassle for the customer, but sometimes it occurs and we must deal with the problem accordingly. The mechanical error was not the reason that the flight was cancelled. The flight was cancelled after the one hour delay due to bad weather. There is no association between the mechanical error and the bad weather. The worries and concerns of the firm’s customers are a top priority for the airline. In the future we hope we can provide you with superb services if you deci de to choose our company as your preferred airline. The mission of this airline is to ensure our customers have a great flight and reach their destination on time. Most of the time our flights leave on time and our customers get to their destination at the precise time their flight ticket specifies, but sometimes whenever the weather prohibits it flights are delayed and cancelled. The airline industry is highly regulated by the government. The Federal government has strict rules regarding flight leaving

State Of Integrated Health Delivery System Case Study

State Of Integrated Health Delivery System - Case Study Example The houses of HMA must, therefore, be put in place and in order before any external solutions can be solved. There is also a problem of personal acquaintance to administrative task delivery. By this, reference is being made to what is seemingly an absence of committed understanding of the core needs and strategic focus of the facility by the human resource base of HMA. It will, therefore, be very necessary for there to be a human resource based change that identifies the needs of staff and readily solve them. The essence of this change is that is it only when the service provider who in this case are the staff are well motivated to deliver work and understand the reasons to display committed service that the service provider can receive such guaranteed excellence in service delivery (Wennberg, therefore, In effect, changes in the human resource capacity building of the organization will ensure that there is improved productivity, which could also ensure that there is improvement in f inancial situation of HMA. Impact of current financial crisis on physician groups in the delivery of health care From every indication, the financial strength of a healthcare organization like HMA can greatly affect the plans and focuses of the organization in instituting and implementing for a new strategy (Halvorson, 2007). Once this inhabitation of strategy happens, the delivery of excellent healthcare, in general, can become greatly limited. This is because in most cases, health organizations depend on the use of such strategic changes to bring about excellent service delivery to clients as has been exhibited by HMA which is currently seeking to put in place the integrated delivery system as a strategy. Having said this, there have been other studies and works of literature that have argued that financial crisis at organizations such as HMA does not outrightly mean a flaw in the quest to deliver quality healthcare (Shi and Singh, 2004).  

Why Did Henry Viii Closed Dow the Monasteris Essay Example for Free

Why Did Henry Viii Closed Dow the Monasteris Essay In the 1500’s the king of England was Henry VIII. He had already broken up with the Catholic Church and the Pop. He had made himself head of the Church of England. Also he had divorced with Catherine of Aragon and marred Anna Boleyn. His lifestyle was extravagant and he was also worried that he could be attacked by the Catholic countries of Europe. Under these circumstances he decided to close down the monasteries for the following reasons: * He was greedy and needed more money for his extravagant lifestyle. * He needed lots of money to be prepared in case of a war with enemies * He needed to make sure the nobles of England supported him. * The monasteries had a lot of treasures and valuable parts and land * Monks and nuns lived a sinful life. Hennery VIII did not want to be unpopular to his people, for closing the monasteries, so he needed to justify his actions. For this reason he ordered his minister Thomas Cromwell to send inspectors to report how holy was the life of monks / nuns and how wealthy the monasteries were. The reports said that the monks and nuns were living a sinful life. Using the reports he managed to justify closing down the monasteries. He seized the wealth and the land of the monasteries for his needs (extravagant lifestyle, in case of war). To keep the nobles loyal to him, he gave them money and land. Finally this helped him to break one more link of the Pope with his people. Henry the VIII by closing the monasteries managed to solve his problems and to keep as many people as he could.

Exploring ADHD and Available Treatments Essay -- Attention Deficit Hyp

Abstract: This research paper describes ADHD and the treatments available. It discusses the different medications and their side effects and explains the opinions of some doctors for an alternative treatment. The main goal of the writing is to shed some light on the disorder and describe some theories about ADHD. This goal is stated in the thesis which talks about how ADHD cannot be identified exactly, the side effects to the medication are harsh, there are different alternative treatments, and research shows it may be caused from hormones and sleep deprivation. A Normal Life ? Imagine sitting in a fourth grade science class. The teacher is lecturing in the front of the room while a groundskeeper mows the grass outside the window. The mower is buzzing in the student's ears, grasping one students' attention, taking it away from the teacher's discussion. Slowly the mower begins to move further away until it is completely out of sight. The attention returns to the teacher, whose words mumble together. The student begins to feel bored as he begins to swing his feet on the seat in front of him. The student in front of him becomes annoyed by the pitter-patter on her seat, and she yelps with anger. The attention slides back into the class, where something new and interesting is happening. The teacher stops her lecture, making this student the center of attention. It may be negative attention, but it's something that holds the student's interest. This type of thing happens normally to this student, so he is used to it. Besides, this isn't his fault; everyone kno ws he has ADHD, anyway he can't help but act like this. It's just how some kids are, right? Normally his mother makes him take his pills, but today he threw them out becaus... ...w.nimh.nih.gov/publicat/adhd.cfm#adhd8 Ritalin side effects and warnings (2004). PDR. Retrieved March 26, 2004, from Medical Economics web site: http://www.fromthepines.com/ritalin.html Schneebaum, Ron M.D. (March 2000). Where did Ritalin come from? Retrieved March 23, 2004, from massnews web site: http://www.massnews.com/past_issues/other/3_Mar/ad5mar.htm Smith, Lawrence T. (2004). The truth behind ADHD . FDA facts national ? institutes of health consensus. Retrieved March 22, 2004, from FDA web site: http://www.ritalindeath.com/ Stein, David B. (1999). 1999. 1st ed, pg 6-32. Ritalin is not ? the answer:a drug-free, practical program for children diagnosed with ADD or ADHD. Retreived March 16, 2004 Volkow, Nora. (2001). Ritalin facts. Retreived March 20, 2004, from nida publications web site: http://www.nida.nih.gov /Infofax/ritalin.html

Critical Path Analysis

Critical Path Analysis INTRODUCTION: Planning, Scheduling and Controlling are three important functions of management. Planning involves the formulation of objectives and goals that are subsequently translated into Specific plans and projects. Scheduling is concerned about the implementation of activities necessary to achieve the laid down plans. The function of control is to institute a mechanism that can trigger a warning signal if actual performance is deviating (in terms of time, cost and some other measures of effectiveness) from the plan.If such a deviation is unacceptable to the concerned manager, he will be required to take corrective action to bring performance in conformity with the plans. The PERT and CPM models are extremely useful for the purpose of planning, scheduling and controlling the progress and completion of large and complex projects or for carrying out the analysis of these three managerial functions. Before we describe the basic concepts used in the constructi on and analysis of these models, let us first understand the meaning of a project. What is a project?A project can be defined as a set of large number of activities or jobs that are performed in a certain sequence determined logically or technologically and it has to be completed within (i) a specified time, (ii) a specified cost and (iii) meeting the performance standards. Examples of a project from fairly diverse fields are given below: 1. Introducing a new product in the market. 2. Construction of a new bridge over a river or construction of a 25 storied building, 3. Executing a large and complex order on jobbing production. 4. Sending a spacecraft to the mars. GENERAL FRAMEWORK OF PERT/CPMA network is a graphical representation of a project, depicting the flow as well as the sequence of well-defined activities and events. Developed during the 1950s, both CPM (Critical Path Method) and PERT (Programme Evaluation and Review Technique) are network techniques/models. The network app roach helps project managers in planning, Scheduling and controlling. As a planning tool it helps the manager to estimate the requirements of resources viz. , materials, equipment, manpower, cost and time for each activity or tasks of the project. This approach cannot make decisions by its own.It only provide additional information to executives to facilitate decision making process. Also it does not provide solution to every management problem. It certainly helps in identification of those activities, jobs or events which control the completion of the project. The working methodology of critical path analysis (CPA) which includes both CPM and PERT, consists of following five steps: 1. Analyse and break down the project in terms of specific activities and/ or events. 2. Determine the interdependence and sequence of specific activities and prepare a net work. . Assign estimates of time, cost or both to all the activities of the network. 4. Identify the longest or critical path throug h the network. 5. Monitor, evaluate and control the progress of the project by replanning, rescheduling and reassignment of resources. The central task in the control aspect of these models is to identify the longest path through the network. The longest path is the critical path because it equals the minimum time required to complete the project. All other paths other than the critical path (i. e. o critical or slack paths) offer flexibility in scheduling and transferring resources, because they take less time to complete than the critical path. ADVANTAGES OF CRITICAL PATH ANALYSIS There are a number of advantages in using critical path analysis. 1. It allows for a comprehensive view of the entire project. Because of the sequential and concurrent relationships, time scheduling becomes very effective. Identifying the critical activities keeps the executive alert and in a state of preparedness, with alternative plans ready in case these are needed.Breaking down the project into small er components permits better and closer control. 2. Critical path analysis offers economical and effective system of control based on the principle of management by exception i. e. need for corrective action arises only in exceptional situations and in most of other cases, performance is in conformity with the plans. 3. It is a dynamic tool of management which calls for constant review, a reformulation of the network, and finding the current path of relevance and optimum resources allocation.FUNDAMENTALS OF A CPA NETWORK ( Activity An activity is any portion of a project which consumes time or resources and has a definable beginning and ending. For example, â€Å"laying of pipe† is an activity requiring the use of resource mainly effort. Activity may involve labour, paper work, contractual negotiations, machinery operations, etc. Commonly used terms synonymous with â€Å"activity† are â€Å"task† and â€Å"job†. Figure 1 and 2 Activities are graphically r epresented by arrows, usually with description and time estimates written along the arrows.The tail of the arrow portraying an activity represents the starting point of the activity and its head represents its completion. The arrow may be straight slanting, or bent but not broken (see figure-1). The arrow is not a vector and need not be drawn to scale. ( Events The beginning and ending points of an activity or a group of activities are called events. Synonyms of an event are â€Å"node† and â€Å"connectors† An event is often represented graphically by a numbered circle (see figure-2), although any geometric figure such as square, oval, rectangle etc. will serve the purpose.We shall, however, stick to the most commonly used convention for representing an event viz, the circle. A few examples of events are as follows : (i) Material procured, (ii) Design completed, (iii) Project started, (iv) Bricks laid, etc. All activities in a network must commence from some event. Su ch events are called the tail events because they are connected to the tail of an activity. These are shown in figure 3. Similarly, all activities in a network must have terminal points called the head event because it is at the head of an activity. These are shown in figure-4.Figure-5 depicts tail and head events connected by arrows representing activities i. e. it depicts the dual role of an event. Event 14 is the head event for one activity and tail event for another. In a network, symbol â€Å"i† is used for the tail event (also called preceding event) and â€Å"j† for the head event (or succeeding event) of an activity. The activity, then being I-j. If an event represents the joint completion of more than one activity, it is called a merge event. If an event represents the joint initiation of more than one activity, it is called a burst event.A network is, then, a graphical representation of a project plan, showing the inter-relationship of the various activities. Networks are also called arrow diagrams (see figure – 6). When the results of time estimates and computations have been added to a network, it may be used as a project schedule. Conventions adopted in drawing networks: There are two conventions normally adopted while drawing networks. In the early stages of network drawing, it is suggested that the conventions should be respected until sufficient experience has been gained to justify dropping them.These conventions are: a) Time flows from left to right. b) Head events always have a number higher than that of the tail events. The above stated conventions allow activities to be referred uniquely by their tail and head event numbers, so that â€Å"activity 3-4† means only â€Å"the activity which starts from event 3 proceeds to event 4†; it cannot mean â€Å"the activity which starts from event 4 and finishes event 3†. Graphical representation of events and activities: Events are represents by numbers withi n circles. Activities are represented by arrows, the arrow-heads represent the completion of the activities.The length and orientation of the arrow are of no significance whatsoever (chosen only for the convenience of drawing). The activity of leaving place A and walking to place B can equally well be represented by figure-7. Fundamental properties governing the representation of events and activities: The representation of events and activities is governed by one simple dependency rule which requires that an activity which depends upon another activity is shown to emerge from the head event of the activity upon which it depends and that only dependent activities are drawn in this way.Thus, if activity B depends upon activity A, then the two activities are drawn in figure-8. Figure 7 AB 1. An event cannot occur until all activities leading to it are complete. 2. No activity can start until its tail event in reached. The above two properties can be combined into a single one, namely that â€Å"no activity may start until all previous activity in the same chain are completed. Logical sequencing are connection of activities; A project entails several activities. The arrows are arranged to show the plan of logical sequence in which the activities of the project are to be accomplished.The sequence is ascertained for each activity by answering the following three quires viz: (i)Which activity or activities must be completed before the start of a particular activity ? (ii) Which activity or activities should follow this? (iii) Which activities can be accomplished simultaneously? The activity or activities which immediately come before another activity without any intervening activities are called predecessor activities to that activity. The activities which follow another activity without any intervening activities are called successor activities to that activity.In a project of laying a pipe line, the three activities involved may be trenching, laying pipe and weld ing pipe. To decide the logical connection between these three activities necessary that they be carried out in series, the reasoning being that the pipe cannot be laid until trenching has been done and welding cannot be undertaken until the pipe has been laid. This way we decide the logical sequencing between different activities. Errors in logical sequencing: Two types of errors in logic may arise while drawing a network, particularly when it is a complicated one. These are known as looping dangling. 1)Looping: Normally in a network, the arrow points from left to right. This convention is to be strictly adhered, as this would avoid illogical looping, as shown wrongly below : (2)Dangling: The situation represented by the following diagram is also at fault, since the activity represented by the dangling arrow 9-11 is undertaken with no result. A To overcome the problem arising due to dangling arrows, following rules may be adopted. (i) All events, except the first and the last, must have at least one activity entering and one activity leaving them, ii) All activities must start and finish with an event. (3)Duplicate activities: Consider the following figure 11: A XY B Figure 11 In the above figure, activities A and B may be called duplicate activities because they have same head event (i. e. 6) and the same tail event (i. e. 7). One remedy for such a situation is the introduction of a dummy activity (4) Dummy activity: It is a hypothetical activity which consumes no resource and time. It is represented by dotted lines and is inserted in the network to clarify activity pattern under the following situations: ) It is created to make activities with common starting and finishing events distinguishable. ii) To identify and maintain the proper precedence relationship between activities that are not connected by events. iii) To bring all â€Å"loose ends† to a single initial and a single terminal event in each network using dummies, if necessary. For example, problem of duplicate activities in the figure-11 above may be circumvented as shown in figure-12. A XY B Figure 12 Figure – 13 shows three cases for the following set of dependency relationships: Activity C is dependent upon both A and B.Activity D is dependent upon A alone. BC AC A DD BA C B AD The first portrayal (on top left of figure-13) is clearly wrong since it shows D as dependent upon not only A but also B which is not desired. The other portrayal (ii) is also wrong since A is being shown twice and thus contravenes the fundamental axiom of network that three must be one arrow for each activity. The way out to this dilemma is the representation by means of the dummy activity. In the third portrayal of figure -13, C is dependent upon both A and B (via dummy) whereas D is dependent upon just A.Numbering the events: The event numbers in a network should in some respect reflect their logical sequences. When a complicated network has been drawn then the problem of assignin g numbers to the events involved in the network arises. A rule devised by D. R. Fulkerson, involving the following steps may be followed to resolve the problem numbering the events. i) An â€Å"initial† event is one which has arrow/arrows coming out of it and none of the arrow entering it. In a network there will be only one such event. Call it â€Å"1†. (ii) Delete all arrows coming out from the event 1. This will give us at least one more â€Å"initial event†. i) Number these events as â€Å"2, 3†¦. † (iv) Delete all emerging arrows from these numbered events which will create new initial events. Then follow step (iii). (v) Continue the above steps till last event is obtained which has no arrows coming out of it. Consider the numbering of events in the following figure. Figure 14 F AFA BG B CH CG AF AF BG BG CH CH AF AF BG BG CH CH Figure 15 Here we proceed from left to right. The event with least x- co-ordinate is assigned the smallest integer, sa y 1. other events are assigned progressively higher integers with regard to x-co-ordinate.If two or more events (4 and 5 above) have the same x-co-ordinate, the one towards arrow should have higher number. Further, it is not necessary, and in fact also not desirable to number the events consecutively. It would be a better scheme to number the events as 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70 in the above diagram instead of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7. This affords insertion of more activities and events omitted by oversight or having become necessary in view of certain logic revisions. It was mentioned earlier that it is desirable that all the activity arrows point from left to right. If the arrow is vertical it may point downwards or upwards.For the sake of preventability it is to be recommended that activities emanating from one event or converging to another may make as great angles between themselves as possible. A few more conventions are given below: (i) Keep the arrow to the extreme right. (ii) A s far as possible avoid drawing arrows that cross each other. Usually by suitable ‘stretching’ the network diagram it is possible to avoid this. (iii) Where, however, crossing is unavoidable, bridging may be done. This applies to dummies as well. Draw boldly a big network. Smaller ones are confusing. Use of pencil and rubber is recommended.Exercise: Depict the following dependency relationships by means of network diagrams. The Alphabets stand for activities. 1. A & B control F; B and C control G. 2. A & B control F; B Controls G while C controls G and H. 3. A controls F and G; B controls G; while C controls G and H. 4. A controls F and G; B and C control G with H depending upon C. 5. F & G are controlled by A, G and H are controlled by B with H controlled by B and C. 6. A controls F, G and H; B controls G and H with H controlled by C. Answer: The required networks are given in figure -15 Exercise: Find out the superfluous (unnecessary) dummy activities in the network b elow. BEH C AF G D Figure 16 JKL M FG AB CDE H M IK Figure 14 Basic steps involved in drawing a CPM/PERT network : Network is defined as a diagram representing the activities and events of a project, their sequence and inter-relationships. The basic steps involved in drawing a network are: i) Breaking up of the entire project into smaller systems known as tasks. ii) For each tack ascertain the activities and events to be performed. iii) For each activity determine the preceding and succeeding activities. iv) For each activity determine or estimate the time and other resources needed. v) Draw a network depicting the assembly of tasks into a project.Network Construction Problem 1 The activities involved in the computer installation process are detailed below. You are required to draw the network. ActivityPredecessor Activities A. Physical preparationnone B. Organizational planningnone C. Personal SelectionB D. Equipment InstallationA E. Personal TrainingC F. Detailed systems designC G . File ConversionF H. Establish standards and controlsF I. Programme preparationH J. Programme TestingI K. Parallel operationsD, E, G, J. L. Finalize systems documentationI M. Follow upK, L B< C (ii) AA None < A None < B B B D C D A A < D (iii)C

Lewis Structures or Electron Dot Structures

Lewis structures, also known as electron dot structures, are named after Gilbert N. Lewis, who described them in a 1916 article titled, The Atom and the Molecule. Lewis structures depict the bonds between atoms of a molecule, as well as any unbonded electron pairs. You can draw a Lewis dot structure for any covalent molecule or coordination compound. Lewis Structure Basics A Lewis structure is a type of shorthand notation. Atoms are written using their element symbols. Lines are drawn between atoms to indicate chemical bonds. Single lines are single bonds, double lines are double bonds, and triple lines are triple bonds. (Sometimes pairs of dots are used instead of lines, but this is uncommon.) Dots are drawn next to atoms to show unbonded electrons. A pair of dots is a pair of excess electrons. Steps to Drawing a Lewis Structure Pick a central atom. Start your structure by picking a central atom and writing its element symbol. This will be the atom with the lowest electronegativity. Sometimes its difficult to know which atom is the least electronegative, but you can use the periodic table trends to help you out. Electronegativity typically increases as you move from left to right across the periodic table and decreases as you move down the table from top to bottom. You can consult a table of electronegativities, but be aware different tables may give you slightly different values, since electronegativity is calculated. Once youve selected the central atom, write it down and connect the other atoms to it with a single bond. (You may change these bonds to double or triple bonds as you progress.)Count electrons. Lewis electron dot structures show the valence electrons for each atom. You dont need to worry about the total number of electrons, only those in the outer shells. The octet rule states that atoms with eight electrons in their outer shells are stable. This rule applies well up to period 4, when it takes 18 electrons to fill the outer orbitals. Filling the outer orbitals of electrons from period 6 requires 32 electrons. However, most of the time when youre asked to draw a Lewis structure, you can stick with the octet rule.Place electrons around atoms. Once you have determined how many electrons to draw around each atom, you can begin placing them on the structure. Start by placing one pair of dots for each pair of valence electrons. Once the lone pairs are placed, you may find that some atoms, particularly the central atom, dont have a complete octet of electrons. This indicates there are double or possibly triple bonds. Remember, it takes a pair of electrons to form a bond. Once the electrons have been placed, put brackets around the entire structure. If theres a charge on the molecule, write it as a superscript on the upper right, outside of the bracket. Further Resources for Lewis Dot Structures You can find more information about Lewis structures at the following links: Step-by-Step Instructions for Drawing a Lewis StructureLewis Structure Example: Exceptions to the Octet RuleLewis Structure Example Problem: Formaldehyde